Backend Configuration
A backend defines where Terraform stores its state data files.
Terraform uses persisted state data to keep track of the resources it manages. Most non-trivial Terraform configurations either integrate with Terraform Cloud or use a backend to store state remotely. This lets multiple people access the state data and work together on that collection of infrastructure resources.
This page describes how to configure a backend by adding the backend
block to your configuration.
Note: In Terraform versions before 1.1.0, we classified backends as standard or enhanced. The enhanced label differentiated the remote
backend, which could both store state and perform Terraform operations. This classification has been removed. Refer to Using Terraform Cloud for details about storing state, executing remote operations, and using Terraform Cloud directly from Terraform.
Available Backends
By default, Terraform uses a backend called local
, which stores state as a local file on disk. You can also configure one of the built-in backends included in this documentation.
Some of these backends act like plain remote disks for state files, while others support locking the state while operations are being performed. This helps prevent conflicts and inconsistencies. The built-in backends listed are the only backends. You cannot load additional backends as plugins.
Note: We removed the artifactory
, etcd
, etcdv3
, manta
, and swift
backends in Terraform v1.3. Information about their behavior in older versions is still available in the Terraform v1.2 documentation. For migration paths from these removed backends, refer to Upgrading to Terraform v1.3.
Using a Backend Block
You do not need to configure a backend when using Terraform Cloud because
Terraform Cloud automatically manages state in the workspaces associated with your configuration. If your configuration includes a cloud
block, it cannot include a backend
block.
To configure a backend, add a nested backend
block within the top-level
terraform
block. The following example configures the remote
backend.
There are some important limitations on backend configuration:
- A configuration can only provide one backend block.
- A backend block cannot refer to named values (like input variables, locals, or data source attributes).
Credentials and Sensitive Data
Backends store state in a remote service, which allows multiple people to access it. Accessing remote state generally requires access credentials, since state data contains extremely sensitive information.
Warning: We recommend using environment variables to supply credentials and other sensitive data. If you use -backend-config
or hardcode these values directly in your configuration, Terraform will include these values in both the .terraform
subdirectory and in plan files. This can leak sensitive credentials.
Terraform writes the backend configuration in plain text in two separate files.
- The
.terraform/terraform.tfstate
file contains the backend configuration for the current working directory. - All plan files capture the information in
.terraform/terraform.tfstate
at the time the plan was created. This helps ensure Terraform is applying the plan to correct set of infrastructure.
When applying a plan that you previously saved to a file, Terraform uses the backend configuration stored in that file instead of the current backend settings. If that configuration contains time-limited credentials, they may expire before you finish applying the plan. Use environment variables to pass credentials when you need to use different values between the plan and apply steps.
Backend Types
The block label of the backend block ("remote"
, in the example above) indicates which backend type to use. Terraform has a built-in selection of backends, and the configured backend must be available in the version of Terraform you are using.
The arguments used in the block's body are specific to the chosen backend type; they configure where and how the backend will store the configuration's state, and in some cases configure other behavior.
Some backends allow providing access credentials directly as part of the configuration for use in unusual situations, for pragmatic reasons. However, in normal use, we do not recommend including access credentials as part of the backend configuration. Instead, leave those arguments completely unset and provide credentials using the credentials files or environment variables that are conventional for the target system, as described in the documentation for each backend.
Refer to the page for each backend type for full details and that type's configuration arguments.
Default Backend
If a configuration includes no backend block, Terraform defaults to using the local
backend, which stores state as a plain file in the current working directory.
Initialization
When you change a backend's configuration, you must run terraform init
again
to validate and configure the backend before you can perform any plans, applies,
or state operations.
After you initialize, Terraform creates a .terraform/
directory locally. This directory contains the most recent backend configuration, including any authentication parameters you provided to the Terraform CLI. Do not check this directory into Git, as it may contain sensitive credentials for your remote backend.
The local backend configuration is different and entirely separate from the terraform.tfstate
file that contains state data about your real-world infrastruture. Terraform stores the terraform.tfstate
file in your remote backend.
When you change backends, Terraform gives you the option to migrate your state to the new backend. This lets you adopt backends without losing any existing state.
Important: Before migrating to a new backend, we strongly recommend manually backing up your state by copying your terraform.tfstate
file
to another location.
Partial Configuration
You do not need to specify every required argument in the backend configuration. Omitting certain arguments may be desirable if some arguments are provided automatically by an automation script running Terraform. When some or all of the arguments are omitted, we call this a partial configuration.
With a partial configuration, the remaining configuration arguments must be provided as part of the initialization process.
There are several ways to supply the remaining arguments:
File: A configuration file may be specified via the
init
command line. To specify a file, use the-backend-config=PATH
option when runningterraform init
. If the file contains secrets it may be kept in a secure data store, such as Vault, in which case it must be downloaded to the local disk before running Terraform.Command-line key/value pairs: Key/value pairs can be specified via the
init
command line. Note that many shells retain command-line flags in a history file, so this isn't recommended for secrets. To specify a single key/value pair, use the-backend-config="KEY=VALUE"
option when runningterraform init
.Interactively: Terraform will interactively ask you for the required values, unless interactive input is disabled. Terraform will not prompt for optional values.
If backend settings are provided in multiple locations, the top-level settings are merged such that any command-line options override the settings in the main configuration and then the command-line options are processed in order, with later options overriding values set by earlier options.
The final, merged configuration is stored on disk in the .terraform
directory, which should be ignored from version control. This means that
sensitive information can be omitted from version control, but it will be
present in plain text on local disk when running Terraform.
When using partial configuration, Terraform requires at a minimum that an empty backend configuration is specified in one of the root Terraform configuration files, to specify the backend type. For example:
File
A backend configuration file has the contents of the backend
block as
top-level attributes, without the need to wrap it in another terraform
or backend
block:
*.backendname.tfbackend
(e.g. config.consul.tfbackend
) is the recommended
naming pattern. Terraform will not prevent you from using other names but following
this convention will help your editor understand the content and likely provide
better editing experience as a result.
Command-line key/value pairs
The same settings can alternatively be specified on the command line as follows:
The Consul backend also requires a Consul access token. Per the recommendation
above of omitting credentials from the configuration and using other mechanisms,
the Consul token would be provided by setting either the CONSUL_HTTP_TOKEN
or CONSUL_HTTP_AUTH
environment variables. See the documentation of your
chosen backend to learn how to provide credentials to it outside of its main
configuration.
Changing Configuration
You can change your backend configuration at any time. You can change both the configuration itself as well as the type of backend (for example from "consul" to "s3").
Terraform will automatically detect any changes in your configuration and request a reinitialization. As part of the reinitialization process, Terraform will ask if you'd like to migrate your existing state to the new configuration. This allows you to easily switch from one backend to another.
If you're using multiple workspaces, Terraform can copy all workspaces to the destination. If Terraform detects you have multiple workspaces, it will ask if this is what you want to do.
If you're just reconfiguring the same backend, Terraform will still ask if you want to migrate your state. You can respond "no" in this scenario.
Unconfiguring a Backend
If you no longer want to use any backend, you can simply remove the configuration from the file. Terraform will detect this like any other change and prompt you to reinitialize.
As part of the reinitialization, Terraform will ask if you'd like to migrate your state back down to normal local state. Once this is complete then Terraform is back to behaving as it does by default.